Crystal structure of graphite
Graphite is another allotrope of the element carbon (C) with a typical layered hexagonal structure. Its structure is composed of carbon atoms through sp² hybridization to form a hexagonal honeycomb planar layer, and the layers are combined by weak van der Waals forces. Hexagonal crystal system, space group: P6/mmc, unit cell parameter a ≈ 2.46 Å (bottom side length) c ≈ 6.70 Å (layer spacing), and the number of atoms in each unit cell is 4 carbon atoms. Natural graphite is used as a moderator for batteries, electric arc furnaces, and nuclear reactors because of its low neutron absorption cross section.
Chemical formula of sucrose (3D schematic diagram of molecular structure)
Chemical formula of maltose (molecular structure 3D schematic diagram)
Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules. It is usually generated when starch is broken down by enzymes. Maltose exists in sprouted grains in nature and is also produced during beer brewing and other fermentation processes. The chemical formula for maltose is C ₁₂ H ₂ O ₁₁. Maltose is a colorless crystal that usually contains one molecule of crystalline water. It has a melting point of 102 ℃ and is easily soluble in water. Its sweetness is 40% that of sucrose.
Chemical formula of vitamin D2 (molecular structure 3D schematic diagram)
Vitamin D2, chemically known as ergocalciferol, is an open-loop steroid formed by the breaking of chemical bonds in steroids under photochemical action, especially through the action of ultraviolet light and ergosterol.
Chemical formula of vitamin B1 (molecular structure 3D schematic diagram)
Vitamin B1 (VB1), also known as thiamine, is the earliest water-soluble vitamin purified by humans. Its chemical name is 3- [(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) - methyl] -5- (2-hydroxyethyl) -4-methylthiazolium chloride, which has the function of maintaining normal glucose metabolism.
Chemical formula of vitamin A (molecular structure 3D schematic diagram)
Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin, an organic compound with the chemical formula C20H30O. It is stable to heat, acid, and alkali, and is easily oxidized. Ultraviolet radiation can promote its oxidative damage. Vitamin A includes A1 and A2, with A1 being retinol. Vitamin A2, also known as 3-dehydroretinol, has a physiological activity that is 40% of that of vitamin A1.
Phospholipid bilayers (microscopic 3D schematic)
Phospholipid bilayer is a structure composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules and is a fundamental component of the cell membrane. A hydrophilic "head" and a hydrophobic "tail". The hydrophilic head faces the aqueous phase, while the hydrophobic tails approach each other, forming a bilayer structure. Having fluidity, allowing embedded proteins to move within the membrane. Being able to selectively allow certain substances to pass through while blocking others. The phospholipid bilayer isolates the interior of cells from the external environment. Through embedded proteins, phospholipid bilayers can regulate the entry and exit of ions, nutrients, and waste.
Multilayer phosphorene structure (microscopic 3D schematic diagram)
Phosphorene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of black phosphorus atoms, possessing unique physical and chemical properties. Phosphocene is a single-layer phosphorus atom detached from black phosphorus, exhibiting a honeycomb like lattice arrangement but with a wavy bent structure.
Molecular structure of methane
Molecular structure of cyclodextrin
Cyclodextrin (CD) is a class of cyclic oligosaccharides formed by glucose units connected by α -1,4-glycosidic bonds. According to the number of glucose units contained, cyclodextrins are mainly divided into three types: alpha cyclodextrin (6 glucose units), beta cyclodextrin (7 glucose units), and gamma cyclodextrin (8 glucose units).
Core-shell micelle structure
Core shell micelles are nanostructures formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules (such as block copolymers) in selective solvents. Its structural characteristics are a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. Composed of hydrophobic molecular segments, aggregated at the center of micelles, avoiding contact with water or other polar solvents. Composed of hydrophilic molecular segments, surrounded by a hydrophobic core, and interacting with water or other polar solvents.
Molecular structure of carbon dioxide
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