Ammonite fossil
This is the fossil of ammonites. Ammonites are an extinct marine cephalopod mollusk related to modern octopus, squid and nautilus. The most notable feature of ammonites is its flat-spun outer shell with tight spiral curls. This shell is not only their shelter, but also controls buoyancy by adjusting the internal air chamber like modern nautilus. They first appeared in the Triassic period about 0.24 billion years ago and became extinct with the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period (about 66 million years ago). The ammonite evolves extremely quickly and is widely distributed, so it is a very important "standard fossil" in geology ".
Earth 1:35 million Geological Map
Geological Map of Romania
Romania is located in the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe, and its geological structure is deeply influenced by the Alpine orogeny, forming a variety of tectonic units and geomorphological types. Main geological regional features: Carpathian Mountains, Transylvania Basin, Lower Danube Plain, Banat Basin. The geological structure of Romania is complex and diverse, combining Precambrian basement, Alpine orogenic belt and young sedimentary basin. Its rich mineral resources, active seismic zones and unique landforms.
diorite
Diorite is a representative rock of neutral deep crystal rock, and it is also one of the main rock types in granite stone. It is mainly composed of plagioclase (medium-more feldspar) and one or several dark minerals, of which the total amount of dark minerals is generally about 20-35%. No or only a small amount of potassium feldspar, generally not more than 10% of the total feldspar. Does not contain or contains very little quartz, the amount of which does not exceed 5% of the total amount of light-colored minerals. Dark minerals are mainly amphibole, sometimes pyroxene and biotite. The accessory minerals are mainly apatite, magnetite, ilmenite and titanite.
synenite
It is a kind of magmatic rock, which belongs to neutral deep intrusive rock. light gray, with grainy, porphyritic structure. The content of silica (about 60%) and the diorite is quite, but the alkali (sodium oxide, potassium oxide) is slightly higher than the diorite. It is mainly composed of feldspar, hornblende and biotite, with no or very little quartz. Alkaline feldspar (usually orthoclase, microcline, striated feldspar) accounts for more than 70% of the feldspar. It is often a small rock strain, which forms a complex with basic rocks and alkaline rocks.
Crystal structure defects (3D schematic diagram of microscopic particles)
In nature, crystals are never perfect and contain various types of defects (defects). In this 3D model, a screw dislocation defect is shown. Edge dislocations occur due to the introduction or elimination of additional atomic rows/planes in the crystal.
Formation process of metamorphic rocks (3D topographic profile)
The formation process of igneous rocks (3D topographic profile)
Galena
Galena is a common mineral that is a sulfide with a metal (lead) to sulfur ratio of 1:1. It is the most important ore for lead and also an important source of silver. Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. Galena (also known as lead sulfide) is a common mineral and an important ore mineral for extracting lead. It is the most widely distributed lead mineral. Galena is a gray lead sulfide, and China has been extracting lead from galena since before the Shang Dynasty. Galena has a cubic shape, and many of these cubic crystals come together to form granules or blocks.
Passive continental margin (3D model of geomorphic structure)
From a geological perspective, the shallow sea area at the edge of the ocean is a continent submerged by seawater, known as the continental margin. The continental margin accounts for 15.3% of the total ocean area, with the main body being the continental shelf, followed by the continental slope and continental base. Passive continental margin, also known as Atlantic type continental margin. The so-called stable continental margin refers to a continental margin that has been in a relatively stable state for a long time in terms of structure. Its crust is a transition zone from oceanic crust to continental crust, with continents and oceans located within the same rigid lithospheric plate. It does not have a trench subduction zone, and its early splitting stage is located within the plate, followed by passive movement with the splitting plate, so there are no strong earthquakes.
The process of sedimentation on the continental margin
Earth Plate Structure Layer
Internal structure of the Earth
The European continent during the Ice Age
Limestone limestone
Limestone, also known as calcareous limestone, is a sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate. It is usually formed in hot springs, rivers, or lakes and is known for its porous and lightweight properties. The formation process of limestone involves mineral rich water flowing over the surface, and as the water evaporates, calcium carbonate gradually deposits, forming a layered rock structure. It is currently housed in the UAIC Museum of Minerals and Petrography.
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